考点词，考点替换词，同义词汇总：
雅思阅读题目出题的本质是三种替换：同义词/词组替换，句型替换，语法替换，笔者将从这三方面根据学生课堂笔记进行分类整理。以下是剑桥真题中的考点词,替换词,一次多义总结：
1.rigid/ stiff/ unchanged/ little change 僵硬的，一成不变的
2.significant/enormous/dramatic/tremendous/appreciably/remarkable/crucial/ 巨大的,明显的，程度大的/substantial
3.approximately 将近-nearly, almost
4.proportion/ percentage 比例
5.be involved (in)/ involve in/ involvement [n.] 涉及，卷入，参与
6.given/ considering , in regard to / despite/ although 有鉴于
考虑到，尽管
6.induce [v] 引入，引导，引诱/ inductive [n] 归纳 >< deduce /deductive推断
7.fortune/ destiny/ chances
8.deplete 开采完，耗尽/ exhaust –exhaust emission (尾气)排放/ over-exploit
9.complex 错综复杂的/ complicated/ sophisticated 老奸巨滑的，复杂的
10.capacity能力，容量/ competence （竞争）能力/ ability 能力（笼统的）
11.确保，保障：Secure-security/ ensure (insure)/ guarantee 押金
12.solely/ merely/ only
13.a vast array of 系列/ a great variety of 花样，品种/ a great rang 系列 of
14.pesticide 杀虫/ suicide 自杀/ homicide/ murder杀人
15.believe/ assume (responsibility)/ suppose
16.授权，委托：authorize/ commission 佣金/ entitle 头衔 + ment =right （权利）
17.purchase/ buy
18. ethnic 种族的/ ethic 伦理，道德的 + s =[n ]
19. modify/ change [v] shift work 轮班工作[n]
20. insight/knowledge/ learning/ understanding/ knowing
21.constrain拘泥，限制/ restrict 限制/ limit
22. circumstance 环境（社会 ）/ surroundings/ environment 环境（ 环保 ）背景 background 后台 / settings后台，布景/ context 上下文（ 文章中 ）
23.notorious 臭名昭著的/ flagrant臭的><fragrant 香的
24.移民：immigrant (进来)/ emigrant(出去)/migrant
25.兴旺，繁荣；prosperous/ thriving/ booming（人口，行业）/flourishing
26.神圣的：divine/ heavenly/ holy/ sacred
27.有毒的：poisonous/ toxic ( in-, non- 无毒的)
28.致命的：deadly/ fatal/ lethal/ mortal
29.类似于：look like/ resemble
30. chronic长期的,慢性的— long-term 长期的
31.网恋：virtual love/ cyber love
32.网友：on-line /net/ cyber friend 上网（聊天）chat on line/ go on-line cyber café/网吧
33.evolve-evolution 进化/ revolute-revolution 革命，旋转/ involve-involution 卷入，涉及
34. indicator/ predictor 表示诠释，预测
35.indicate/ demonstrate/ display/exhibit/betray/ manifest
36. therapist /expert/ specialist
37. 优点，长处，美德：advantage/ merit/ virtue/ length
38. commonest/ frequent
39. 未开发的，初级的：rudimentary/ underdeveloped
40. 退化：degenerate/ -tion [n] ->generate 生产，制造/ degrade ->grade 等级/ deteriorate 恶化，每况愈下
41. 分类：category-categorize/ class-classify
42. consequence后果->影响/ subsequence紧跟其后/ sequence=order秩序/ frequency频率
43.clash 冲突（民族，种族）/crash 飞机坠毁
44. substitution=> substitute sth for sb /replace
45.alternative=> 选择性，代替性，辅助性
46.孤立：isolate/ alienate/insulate隔绝， 排外，孤立->be alien to/insulate (-ior) 绝缘，隔热（体）
47．缺点，不足之处：defect/ flaw/ failing/ disadvantage /drawback
48.创新的，发明的，新颖的，创新的：inventive (-tion)/ innovative (-tion)/ creative (-tion)/ ingenious (ity)/novel (-ty) =>[n]/creative/revolutionary
Ø易错拼写：environment/ convenient
49．neutral 中立的，中性的 /negative 否定，消极，阴性的 /positive 肯定，积极，阳性的
50．ambiguous->ambiguity 模棱两可的，暧昧的/obscure
51.communicate 沟通，传达，通报
52.accommodate 1供...食宿，2=adapt to 适应，调整，3=hold 容纳，4使…停靠
53.commitment 1 ~ to sth 奉献 2 责任,义务
54.contribute to 导致 ~ result in /account for (占据)导致
54.缺乏的，不足的：inadequate/ insufficient/ deficient/lack (of)/ short (of)
55.强调：emphasize/ stress/ highlight/ focus on/ concentrate on
明显的：apparently 显而易见的/patently 道貌岸然的/ obviously=>evidently
56.对…怀疑：(be) /skeptical/skeptical /dubious/ suspicious (about/of)
57.缺点，缺陷：drawback/ fault/ defect/ imperfection/ failing/ weakness/ shortcoming/ flaw
58.臭命昭著的：notorious->notoriety/ flagrant/ smelly/ odorous/well-known
59.机构，组织：association/ structure /organization
60.超过：exceed/ surpass
61.岩浆：molten rock/ lava/ magma
62.语言：linguist ~学家/ lingual和~有关的/ bilingual/ 双语
63.多种多样的：diversity/ variety/ breed/ species ,strain breed：[n]品种，[v]繁殖，培养，引起，造成
64.dialect 方言 accent 腔调
65.开始的，初步的：begin/ launch/ initial (-ly) [v] 首字母，开始的/ initiate开始，发动->initiative原创性= origin
66.贫穷：poor/ in poverty/ impoverished（ 被剥夺财产的）
67.杰出：eminence (-t)/ prominence (-t)/unusual
68.gene/ genetic defect ~缺陷/ anatomy解剖/ conceive构思，怀孕/ deliver分娩
69.辅助性：alternative 补充性/ therapist
70.演绎，推理：deduce->deductive / inferential >< induce 引导，引入，归纳-> induction 归纳
71.令人困惑的：bewildering/ puzzling/ perplexing
72.apply：紧靠，涂，将…应用于，适用，专心致力于，献身于
73.subsidize辅助/ subsidy 补助，补贴/ subsidiary
74. a factor in sth/ depend on sth
75. be preferred by/ choice
76. attitude to/ how
77. the present century/ modern society
78. broad/ great
79.in term of 按照，在…方面，关于/with regard to, in spite of 不顾，尽管
80. small-scale 小范围/ marginal 边缘处的
81. physical/ medical
82.negotiation/ agreement 谈判，洽谈/ 商定，协议
83. evolve/ develop
84.apartment/ accommodation 公寓/ 住房
85.virtual (love)/ simulate 模拟的（网恋）/ 模拟
86.catastrophe/ disaster 大灾难/ 灾难，不幸
87.innovate/ invent 革新，创新/ 发明，创造 sculpture/ craft 雕刻，雕塑/ 工艺
88.exorbitant/ expensive 过度的，极高的/ 费用大的，昂贵的
89. be participant in/ take part in /participate in
90.labour [美，澳]/work
91. attend to/ take care of
92.dual employment/ dual-worker 双职工（家庭）
93.indicate/ predict 指示，表明，象征/ 预料，预言 A major contributor to/ be central to 来源，起点/ 是…的主要，中心原因
94.expert/ therapist 专家，能手；知识丰富的/ 某个专科的专家
95.lead to/ be associated with 相联系（带来…的好处）
96.balanced/ equitable 平等的
97.handicap/ disabled/primitive 残疾的，落后的
98. could not-and cannot/ has always been unable to by/ from
99. benefit/ advantage
100. substantial influence/ greater likelihood
101. agree on/ define
102. considered desirable/ effectiveness
103.masquerade/ (in) disguise 伪装
104.insignificant/ didn’t seriously 不重要/不严重的
105.inspect/ examine 审核,检查
106．caliber/ criterion 标准
107．no-one know>< notorious 无人知晓><臭名昭著的
108．dissatisfy/ argue 不满意/厌恶，讨厌
109.pessimism/ negative/ blue>< optimistic 悲观的，忧郁的>< 乐观的
110. unsatisfactory/ hardly be looked upon
111. identify/ define
112. turn… into/ become
113. urban/ rural/suburban
114.demolish/ knock down/ dismantle 毁坏，拆毁（建筑物）/ 敲，打
115.migration/ move 迁移/ 移动
116.pay/ charge sb for 向某人…猛攻，充电，负责，付费，控诉
117.separate/ split 分开，使隔绝，提取/ 分，劈开
118.fascination/attraction (-e:[v]) 迷住，吸引住
119.not require/ unnecessary 不需要/ 不必要
120.decode/ decipher 译解（密码），解释
121.delay/ drawback= disadvantage 耽误，延迟/ 欠缺，弊端
122.association/ organization 机构，关联/ 组织
123.*recent/ current/ nowadays/present *近的/ 现代的/ 当今的/现在
124.intensive burst/ explosive release 强烈的爆发/ 爆炸性的释放
125.recognized/ identified 承认，识别，认可/ 识别，鉴别
126.aim to/ focus on 针对，目标，打算/ 集中
127. link…to/ lead to 连接/导致，通向
128. inadequate (diet)/ deficiency (in trace minerals) 不充分，不适当的/ 缺乏，不足
129.basic/ fundamental 基础的，基本的
130.seize/ catch 捕捉，抓住
131.fatal/ lethal 致命的
132.success on/ running on 成功
133.costly/ be related by 有关系的
134.be obtained in/ be derived in 获得，流行，通用/ 由…产生，起源于
135.high-income/ wealthy 高收入的/富裕的
136.be alike/ be similar to 相同的，相似的
137.indicate/ show 显示，指出，象征
138. eliminate/ lessen ><消除/ 减少
139. not risen significantly/ stagnate 停滞不前的
140.salary/ wage 工资：总称/ 蓝领的
141.create/ gain 创造，造成/ 获得，增加 efficiently/ increased productivity 有效率的/ 上升的生产率
142.economy/ financial 经济
143. administration/ management
144.(be) sympathetic/ understand 同情的，赞同/ 理解
145.introduce/ involve 引入/ 卷入
146. change/ different
147.die>< exist 死亡><存在
148. almost/ approximately
149. be out of date/ be developed
150.solve/ reduce 减少
151. famous/ eminent
152. barrier/ hurdle
153. higher position/ top post
154.Advantage: virtue,merit,benefit, positive aspect, strength, 好处 ,优点,长处
155.Disadvantage: weakness, failing, weakness,defect,drawback, negative aspect, fault不利,缺点,缺陷
156.Casual: arbitrary, unplanned, unexpected, 随意的
157.Effective: efficient, effectual, fruitful, productive, valid多效的
158.Criticize: reproach, blame, 批评
159.Flaw: weakness, defect 缺点
160.Ability; capability, power, caliber能力
161.Dishonest: deceptive 不诚实的
162.Fair: equitable, equal, impartial, 公平的
163.Success: achievement, feat 成功
164.Reason: factor, contributor, origin, 原因
165.Result: outcome, consequence, implication结果
166.Result from: arise from, originate from, be due to, thanks to, 由于，因为
167.Give rise to: contribute to, lead to, result in, cause, breed, create, incur导致
168.Disaster: catastrophe 灾难
169.Pollute: contaminate 污染
170.Poisonous: toxic 有毒的
171.Decrease; fall, drop, plunge, decline, step back, downward, minimize, abate下降
172.Increase: rise, go up, surge, grow, 上升
173.Growing: increasing, rising, 上升的
剑桥四阅读考点替换词
名词：
1 the destruction of rainforests （原文） --the loss of the rainforests
2 rainforest conservation( 原文 )—the rainforests to be protected
3 the geographical location—where the rainforests were
4 courtship ritual—mating
5 feeding—eating
6 young people—teens
7 high standing—high opinion
8 take courses—retrain
9 domestic building—dwellings
10 economic progress—economic growth
形容词：
11 Rudimentary—underdeveloped
12 Well-developed—best developed
13 Surprised—taken aback
14 be loath to/be conservative about —be reluctant to
15 chronic—long-term
16 Awareness—conscious
17 basic--fundamental
动词：
1 Resemble—make similar choices/look like
2 choose entrepreneurship—set up their own business
3 make unbiased statements—comment objectively on
4 deal only with—focus on
5 be derived from—be gained from
6 break records—set new records
7 comprehend—explain
8 be broken down—be subdivided
9 predict—estimate
10 the elderly—elderly people
副词： With tremendous force—violently
AB 相关替换
1 media coverage—Newspaper and television
2 A curve inside the circle—a symbol
3 Government policy—government initiative
4 A growing interest in cultural identity—increasing appreciation
5 Bilingualism—more than one language
6 Facial expression—body language
7 Nutriment—diet
8 Pots, tools and weapons—objects
关系替换：
1 People can learn…-- it can teach people…
2 A depends on B—B affect A
按字母排列
Abide by=comply with遵守
Accelerate=speed up加速
Achieve=obtain得到、获得
Adapt to=integrate into使适应、融为一体
Aim.n=objective 目的
Aim at=focus on=concentrate on=emphasize on 集中、强调
An array of=a list of =a set of=a series of 一系列
Attempt to do=try to do尝试作，想要作
Approximately=roughly=about=some=around 大约
Appreciation=interest 欣赏
As a result=consequently=as a consequence 因此、从而
As well as=and和
Associate with=connect with=link with=relate to=involve in与……相关联
Attach to=connect to=link to=serve与……相连接、附着在……上
At will=at random＝by chance=by accident=accidentally随意地
Automatically ensure=guarantee保证
B
Be free of=with out=no 没有
Be similar to=closely resembled 相似
Be used to=be devoted to专门用于
Be equivalent to=be equal to 等同于
Be taken aback=be surprised 吃惊
Briskly =rapidly=swiftly快速地
C
Calculate=measure 衡量
Catch up with=keep pace with跟上步伐
Chronic=long term 慢性病的
Complain=illness 病症
Concern n. =focus关心的问题
Concern v. =about 与……有关
Concur with sb=agree with sb 同意某人
Concept =conception=notion=idea=understanding概念、理解
Confront=encounter=in the face of面临
Conservation = protection 保护
Conserve=protect保护
Consist of=comprise of 由什么组成
Contaminate=pollute=poison 污染
Contend=assert断言
Contribute to=result in=lead to=link to=responsible for导致
Cooperate with=work with 与……协作
Convert to=turn to 转为、转变为
Crop up=crop out=come up 出现
D
Degenerated=underdeveloped=degraded退化
Development=invention 发展
Distract from= can not concentrate 使精力分散
Deadly=fateful 致命的
Diminish=decrease=shrink 减少
Distort reality=far from reality=dishonest不真实的
Distinction=difference=nuance 不同之处
Due to = because of = without a view to 由于
E
Endanger=threaten 威胁
Ensure = make sure 确保
Establish=set up建立
Evolvement=development=progress发展、发育
Embark upon=start开始
Enlighten=illuminate=instruc=educate启蒙、给予知识
F
Fail to do=can not do没有能够做
Far from=not at all根本不
Fault=flaw=defect错误，缺损
Form=shape 形成
Foundation=basis基础
Finance=sponsor 提供赞助（金钱）
Free=release释放
Frequently=often 经常
G
Great milestone=impact=effect=influence对……具有很重要的影响力
Guarantee to do sth =promise to do sth 保证做某事
H
Hold=harbor拥有
Halt=stop 阻止、使停滞
Hurdle=barrier 阻碍
I
Identical=the same一模一样
In addition to=besides 除了
Indicate=show表明
In reaction to=respond to 对……起反应
In the event of= in case of 万一
Interpret=illustrate解释
Introduce to=import to引入
K
Key a.=important=significant=crucial=essential重要的，关键的
Key n.=approach=means=method=technique方法
L
Likelihood=possibility可能性
Link-up=connection 联系
M
Match sth to=assign sth to把……和……搭配起来
Misconception=misunderstanding=mistaken view错误的理解
Modify=change修改、改变
Manifestation=demonstration 显示、表明
Measure=access=rate评估
N
Nature=character本质、特点
Non-toxic= less poisonous=safe 无毒的、安全的
Novel a.=fresh=new=up to date 新潮的、创新的
O
Owing to=thanks to =contribute to多亏……，有赖于……
Overestimate = overate 过高估计
P
play a vital role in = have an important part or role in起重要的作用，扮演重要的角色
Pore over=study 研究
Preserve=store 储存
Resemble=like 像
Prevailing=popular 盛行的
Present day=modern society 现代社会、现在时代
Prior to = before 先于
Prodigious effort=enormous effort重大的努力
Produce=trigger=generate=spawn=bring about=result=breed激发、产生
Provide=offer 提供
Protect A from B =shelter A from B 使A不受B的侵害
Q
Quest=desire 渴望
Questionnaire=survey 问卷调查
R
Range from … to…= be from … to …从……到……
Readily=easily=accessible 容易地
Relate to=understand=appreciate理解
Rely on=depend on 依靠……
Residue=remains=relics=relicts剩余物、废墟
S
Seek for = search for =hunt for寻求，寻找
Striking=noticeable值得注意地
Substantial=considerable 想当可观的
Success=achievement=great outcome=great progress=huge development成功、成就
Surprising=unexpectedly uncommon令人吃惊的
T
Take to=be used to=get used to 对……习惯
Tuition=formal teaching正式的学校教育
Turn to=consult 寻求帮助、求助于
Toxic=poisonous 有毒的
U
Unbiased=without prejudice 无立场、不带任何偏见的
Up to=depend on/upon 由……决定
V
Virtue=advantage=asset 优点
W
Work out=figure out=reckon 计算出、作出
剑桥雅思真题456中的替换关系
ØRecognize = identify
ØEthical=Moral
Øplenty of=Considerable=significant amount of
ØAlmost certainly=little doubt
ØModification=change=alteration=adjust
ØBetter=Improve（方向词）
ØLive=residence=inhabitant
Øfirst=initial=primary
ØImportant=worthy trying=significant=essential
ØPeople=mortal=human=mankind
ØReflect=feature=represent
ØLegitimate= have right to
Ølong term=chronic
ØInterest （for borrowing）=slightly more money
ØFeasible=practical
ØSusceptible =allergic predisposed vulnerable
Ømistaken=misconception =confusion=misunderstanding
Øhave yet to determine =yet not known
Ørelease stress/tension= (psychic tension is) punctured=
ØDiversity=variety
Øaccompanying=with
ØAesthetic=beautiful
ØRigid = not yielding
Øfocus on=emphasize=narrow down
雅思高频同义词
☆artificial
synthetic, fabricated, contrived, fake, mock, bogus, counterfeit, pseudo
☆conventional
traditional, historical, past; accepted, common, regular, routine, mainstream, ordinary
☆demand
request, claim, need, order, require, call for
☆decline
decrease, degeneration, drop, fall, recession, depression, reduction, slump, worsening
☆develop
evolve, advance, grow, improve, progress, flourish
☆difficulty
handicap, hardship, adversity, challenge, complication, dilemma, perplexity, plight, trouble
☆early
first, old, ancient, primitive, previous, former, remote
☆find
discover, come across, encounter, hit on, expose, notice, note, observe, recognize, spot, uncover
☆future
what's next, prospect, approaching, expected, destined, forthcoming
☆how
describe, operate, explain, clarify, demonstrate, eludicate, expound, illustrate, interpret, account for
☆inevitable
unavoidable, certain, destined, fated, inescapable, sure
☆militant
armed, belligerent, army, weapon, warlike
☆objection
commercial challenge, complaint, disapproval, opposition, protest, query, question, remonstration
☆obstacle
bar, barricade, barrier, block, blockage, check, obstruction, problem, snag, hurdle
☆prevalent
common, usual, prevailing, widespread, systematic, collective, general, popular
☆reduce
curtail, cut, decrease, halve, impair, lessen, moderate, trim, slash
☆role
function (provide, support, weaken, smooth, solve), job, position, duty, post, task, contribution
☆recent
modern, current, now, nowadays, today, contemporaneous, new, novel, present, up-to-date
☆simulate
virtual, create, reproduce, pretend, imitate
☆significance
importance, milestone, impact, justification, gist, implication, point, purport, vital business, economic, financial, mercantile, profitable, pecuniary
☆worldwide
international, cosmopolitan, global, universal, ubiquitous, widespread, around the world
解决：solve, resolve, deal with, cope with, handle, tackle
消除：get rid of, eradicate, eliminate
依赖：rely on, depend on, count on
十分：very much, immensely, hugely, largely, greatly, enormously, tremendously
损害：damage, hurt, injure, harm, impair
给予：give, offer, render, impart, provide
发展：develop, cultivate, foster
优势：advantage, merit, virtue, benefit, upside, strength
缺陷：disadvantage, detect, demerit, drawback, downside,
雅思剑桥5阅读替换词
AB相似替换: 同义词
Time limit—deadline
Confer sth. On—bring sth. To
Be associated with—establishment/be linked to
Built-in—biological
Expect—predict
Help—have a positive effect on
Advantageous trait—positive survival mechanism
Get worse—take a pessimistic view
Slow down—restrict
Provide what … wants—meet …’s expectation
Urgent—most pressing
When heated—under heat
The first—in origin
Extract—remove
Dub—consider
Be punctured by—release of nervous energy
“ah ,ah” noise—particular noise
demanding—more difficult
outlook—subjective view
how…works—the operation of
revolution--development
AB关系替换：
Sth. Prevail upon King George III to – be granted sth. By the king
剑5 **套
Passage 1第二段
compile v.编辑，编纂
write • compile • compose
concentrate v.集中，关注
pay attention • concentrate • concentration • keep your mind on • keep your eyes on • take notice/note • attentive • attention span
convey v.传达，传递
express • convey • communicate • say • get something over • put something into words/find the words to say
第三段
define v.定义……
meaning • sense • significance • definition • connotation • define
circumscribe v.限制，约束
To limit power, rights, or abilities [= restrict]:
conquer v.征服
defeat • overwhelm • annihilate • rout • bring somebody to their knees • conquer
hold back • stifle • suppress • overcome/conquer
第五段
station v.驻扎，静坐
send • pack off • dispatch/despatch • send in • send out • be posted • be stationed
第六段
file v.把文件或资料归档
keep • store • keep something on file • file • keep a record/keep records
rival v.对抗，与……抗衡
competitor • rival • the competition
第八段
ascertain v.确定
check • check out • make sure/make certain • double-check • verify • confirm • ascertain
Passage 2 **段
obey v.遵守，遵从
obey • comply with • abide by • keep to • stick to the rules • conform to • observe • respect • toe the line • go by the book/do something by the book
第二段
administer v.控制，施加
To manage the work or money of a company or organization
simulate v.模拟
To make or produce something that is not real but has the appearance or feeling of being
real
emit v.释放出，发出……的声音
send out • give out • give off • emit • radiate • cast/throw
make a sound/make a noise • go • with • go off • emit • let out
writhe v.因剧痛而蠕动，扭动身体
fidget • can"t keep still • squirm • wriggle • writhe • twitch
denounce v.谴责，指责
voice/express/show etc your disapproval • condemn • denounce • deplore
第三段
unfold v.展开
open • unwrap • unfold • unroll
pose v.带来，提出
ask
balk v.畏缩不前，犹豫
To not want to do or try something, because it seems difficult, unpleasant, or frightening
question v.质疑
question • interrogate • cross-examine • carry out door-to-door inquiries • be helping police with their inquiries
第四段
anticipate v.预测
expect • think • anticipate
第五段
fluster v.使不安，使紧张，使困惑
To make someone nervous and confused by making them hurry or interrupting them:
第六段
discharge v.放电，释放
If a piece of electrical equipment discharges, or if it is discharged, it sends out electricity
evolve v.演变，进化
develop • evolve
第七段
evoke v.引发，引起
remind somebody of • make somebody think of • bring/call to mind • be a reminder • bring back memories/take somebody back • evoke • evocative • come flooding back
第八段
merge v.合并，混合
combine • be a mixture of something and something • bring together • blend • mingle • merge
unite • team up • get together • combine • join forces • come together • amalgamate • merge
surrender v.投降，放弃
admit/accept defeat • give in • surrender • concede
第九段
forgo v.放弃
do without/go without • deny yourself • abstain • forgo
dictate v.听写，控制，指挥
tell • order • ask somebody to do something • demand • insist • dictate
elucidate v.阐明，说明，解释
To explain something that is difficult to understand by providing more information
Passage 3
第二段
starve v.使……挨饿
starving • starve • hungry • not get enough to eat • half-starved • underfed • malnourished
exaggerate v.夸大,夸张
exaggerate • blow something (up) out of all proportion • make too much of • overrated • overemphasize • overstate • be melodramatic • lay it on
associate v.与……相连
link • associate • make a connection • establish a link
be connected/be related • be linked • associated • have/be something to do with • be bound up with something/go hand in hand
cure v.治愈
cure • remedy • antidote
restrict v.限制，约束
limit • restrict • set/impose/put a limit • keep to/keep within • confine • fix
accelerate v.加速，加快
go faster • speed up • pick up/gather speed • accelerate • quicken your pace • gain/gather momentum
第三段
nurture v.培育，形成
nurture • foster
decline v.下降
go down/come down • fall/drop • decrease • decline • reduction • cut • plummet/plunge • taper off • dwindle • slide • take a nosedive
第五段
overstate v.夸大
exaggerate • blow something (up) out of all proportion • make too much of • overrated • overemphasize • overstate • be melodramatic • lay it on
第六段
apply v.适用，应用
apply • claim • request • approach • put in for • applicant • claimant
oppose v.反对
be against/be opposed to • oppose • not agree with something • not believe in something • anti- • hostile • antagonistic
第七段
melt v.融化
melt • dissolve • thaw • melt down • molten • condense • soluble
diminish v.消失，减少
To become or make something become smaller or less [= reduce]:
第十段
experience v.经历
happen to • experience • go through • live through • know
postpone v.推延，延迟
postpone • put off • delay • be pushed/moved/put back • put something on ice/put something on the back burner • procrastinate
第十一段
buy v.买，争取（时间）
buy • get • purchase • snap up • pick up • splash out on • acquire
avoid v.避免
avoid • stay away/keep away • steer clear of • make a detour
剑5 第二套
Passage 1**段
patent v.申请专利
To obtain a special document giving you the right to make or sell a new invention or product
第二段
mould v.铸造，塑造
form • mould • shape
engineer v.设计，加工
orchestrate • stage-manage • engineer • contrive
revert v.返回
start again • go back to/revert to • slip back into
第四段
abandon v.放弃，抛弃
give up • quit • abandon • drop • leave it at that
amass v.累计，积累
accumulate • amass • gain
manufacture v.制造
make • produce • manufacture • mass-produce • churn out/turn out • create • fashion • build • construct • assemble
第五段
outline v.列举outline • sketch out
第六段
govern v.受……限制
govern • run • rule • be in power • be in government • hold office
extract v.抽取，提取
find out • get something out of • get information • extract • worm something out of • drag something out of
taper v.逐渐变细，变尖
get/grow thinner get narrower • taper
第七段
relish v.欣赏，品味
revel in • get a kick out of • relish • gloat • wallow in • take pleasure in • delight in
despise v.鄙视，轻视
hate • hate somebody"s guts • can"t stand • detest • loathe • despise • abhor
Passage 2
**段
tempt v.引发
attract • tempt • seduce
dub v. 称作
call • christen • dub
第二段
rely v.依靠，依赖
To trust or depend on someone or something to do what you need or expect them to do [ reliable, reliance]:
puncture v. 戳破，化解
make a hole in • pierce • puncture • punch • drill a hole
第五段
trigger v. 引发，触发
set off • trigger/spark • precipitate
amuse v. 使愉快，开心
make somebody laugh • crack somebody up • raise a laugh • have somebody in hysterics/stitches • amuse
第七段
track v. 追踪
follow • tail • be/sit on somebody"s tail • shadow • track/trail • hound • stalk • stalker
accompany v. 伴随
with • together • along with • come with • accompanying
第八段
tuck v. 隐藏，蜷缩
put • slide • tuck • insert
第十段
milk v. 挤奶，猎取
To take milk from a cow or goat
第十一段
distort v. 扭曲，歪曲
twist • misrepresent • distort • falsify • put words into somebody"s mouth • cook the books • rewrite history
Passage 3
**段
dominate v.统治，在……中拥有重要的位置
dominate • monopolize • monopoly • stranglehold • have total/complete control • hold sway
第二段
renew v.重新开始，使复活，使更新
continue • start again • go on • go back to/return to • resume • take something up again • pick up/take up where you left off • reopen • renew
第三段
adopt v.接受，采纳
adopt • foster • guardian • in care
publicize v.出版
advertise • promote • publicize • market • hype/hype up • plug • sell • push • announce • report
promote v.促进，加强
help • encourage • promote • aid • benefit • advance/further • be conducive to • give something a boost • be favourable for/to
第六段
exploit v.探索
use • exploit • make use of • take advantage of • play on • capitalize on
deposit v.储存，堆积，放置，存放
put • place • leave • abandon • position • plant a bomb/explosives etc • plant • lay • set down • deposit
seal v.盖戳
block up • plug/plug up • seal
restrict v.限制
limit • restrict • set/impose/put a limit • keep to/keep within • confine • fix
第七段
delay v.拖延，延迟
delay • hold-up/holdup • bottleneck
第八段
engage v.参与，参加
To be doing or to become involved in an activity
foster v.促进，加强
promote
第九段
inaugurate v.创立
To open a building or start an organization, event etc for the first time:
第十段
estimate v.估计
guess • estimate • guesswork • speculation • speculative • conjecture
oppose v.反对，抵制
be against/be opposed to • oppose • not agree with something • not believe in something • anti- • hostile • antagonistic
institute v.建立
To introduce or start a system, rule, legal process etc
剑5 第三套
Passage 1
A段
argue v.争辩，坚决主张，认为
argue • quarrel • fight • have a fight • fall out with • be at each other"s throats • clash
B段
claim v.宣称，表示
claim • maintain • assert • confirm • testify • swear • certify • insist • protest • deny
expand v.扩充，扩展
get bigger • grow • expand • swell up • stretch
C段
acknowledge v.认可，承认
accept • recognize • acknowledge
observe v.注意到，观察到
notice • can see/can tell • I see • spot • become aware/conscious • catch somebody"s eye • detect • note • observe • perceive
launch v.发起，进行
start • begin • get down to • start on • set about/set to work • proceed to do something • settle down to • launch into • embark on/upon • come to/grow to/get to • get cracking
involve v.包括，涵盖，使……参与进来
involve • drag somebody into • bring in
D段
bypass v.绕过……
To go around a town or other busy place rather than through it:
foster v.促进
promote
E段
evaluate v.评估，评价
judge • assess • evaluate • critique
solve v.解决
solve • work out/figure out
F段
perpetuate v.延续，保持
continue/carry on • maintain • perpetuate • keep up • preserve
outline v.罗列，列举
summary • outline • overview • rundown • precis • synopsis
indicate v.表明，暗示
point • indicate • gesture at/towards • point out
Passage 2
A段
erode v.腐蚀，侵蚀
wear away • erode • corrode • rust/rust away
scour v.用力擦洗，冲刷
brush • scrub • sweep • scour
B段
deposit v.沉积，堆积
put in • deposit
accumulate v.累计，聚集
accumulate • build up • pile up • mount up • collect • gather
C段
indicate v.表明，暗示
point • indicate • gesture at/towards • point out
replenish v.补充，添加
refill • replenish • top up
D段
divert v.转移，使转向
not draw attention • draw attention away from • divert/distract attention • put somebody off • keep a low profile
E段
rest v.休息，存留在
rest • take a rest • relax • take a break • lie down • put your feet up • laze • take it easy • chill/chill out
concur v.同意，赞同
agree • be in agreement • be of the same opinion • share the view that • subscribe to • concur
affect v.影响
have an effect • have an impact • affect • take effect • make a difference • impact
stimulate v.刺激，激发
To encourage or help an activity to begin or develop further
upset v.使……不安
upset • hurt • hurt somebody"s feelings • distress
F段
devise v.设计，制定出
invent • create • come up with/think up • devise • make up • conceive • dream up • coin
Passage 3
引子
perform v.表演，执行
perform • appear • be in something
A段
vanish v.消失，突然不见
disappear • vanish • become extinct • extinction • die out • cease to exist
ignite v.点燃，引发
set fire to something/set something on fire • light • torch • ignite
B段
launch v.建立，发布
start • launch • open • initiate • spark off • set in motion • get/start/set the ball rolling • get things moving • (let"s) get this show on the road
coin v.创造
invent • create • come up with/think up • devise • make up • conceive • dream up • coin
encompass v.包含，涵盖
cover • encompass • embrace • span
capture v.捕捉，占领，再现
capture • round up • take somebody prisoner • recapture
mimic v.模仿
imitate • do an impression/imitation • mimic • a take-off of somebody/something
C段
peak v.达到全盛
To reach the highest point or level:
rear v.培养，养育，培育
To look after a person or animal until they are fully grown [= raise]:
imply v.暗示
suggest • imply • say • implication • undertone
solve v.解决
solve • find/come up with a solution • resolve • put right • cure • remedy • sort out • sort • iron out
materialize v.变为现实
happen • come true • be realized • be fulfilled • materialize
opt v.选择
decide on • settle on • plump for • opt
align v.与……同列，与……结盟
To publicly support a political group, country, or person that you agree with
D段
Characterize v. 描绘，描述……的特征
Describe something/somebody as • characterize somebody/something as • label • portray/represent • depict • paint a pictur
joke v.开玩笑
make a joke/crack a joke • tell a joke • joke • wisecrack
implement v.实施
carry out • execute • implement • put something into practice • deliver the goods/come up with the goods
E段
back v.支持
To support someone or something, especially by giving them money or using your influence
reckon v.认为
think • believe • feel • figure • reckon • consider • regard/see • think of somebody/something as/look on somebody/something as • take the view that/be of the opinion that • be recognized/acknowledged as
spot v.发现
notice • can see/can tell • I see • spot • become aware/conscious • catch somebody"s eye • detect • note • observe • perceive
camouflage v.伪装
disguise • camouflage
extract v.提取，抽取
find out • get something out of • get information • extract • worm something out of • drag something out of
F段
boost v.促进，加强
help • encourage • promote • aid • benefit • advance/further • be conducive to • give something a boost • be favourable for/t
differentiate v.区别开
can tell the difference • can tell somebody/something apart • distinguish • differentiate • draw/make a distinction • discriminate
exacerbate v.恶化
make things worse/make it worse • to make matters/things worse • aggravate • exacerbate • compound • to add insult to injury
filter v.过滤
To remove unwanted substances from water, air etc by passing it through a special substance or piece of equipment:
categorize v.将……分类
sort • categorize • classify • be grouped • class • grade
emerge v.开始出现
appear • become visible • come into view/come into sight • come out • emerge • loom/loom up • reappear
G段
Lip- read v. 观察人的嘴唇动作来理解话意
To understand what someone is saying by watching the way their lips move, because you cannot hear them
encapsulate v.涵盖，概括
To express or show something in a short way [= sum up]
transcribe v.记录，用音标记下……的语音
copy • copy out • copy down • transcribe
剑5 第四套
Passage 1
A段
promote v. 促进, 发扬，提拔
help • encourage • promote • aid • benefit • advance/further • be conducive to • give something a boost • be favourable for/to
boom v. 发出）轰轰声
boom/boom out • roar • thunder • blare/blare out • blast/blast out
isolate v. 隔离, 孤立, 绝缘
separate • keep somebody apart • isolate • cut somebody off from • segregate • segregation • apartheid • in quarantine
prevail v. 流行, 盛行, 获胜
win • come out on top • prevail • carry the day • win the day
B段
undermine v. 破坏
spoil • ruin • mess up • undermine • screw up • sabotage • throw a spanner in the works • pour cold water on
associate v. 联系, 交往
link • associate • make a connection • establish a link
be connected/be related • be linked • associated • have/be something to do with • be bound up with something/go hand in hand
fuel v. 加燃料
increase • strengthen • heighten • add to • raise • fuel
C段
ensure v. 保证，确保
make sure/make certain • insure/ensure • see that/see to it that
exploit v. 开拓, 开发
use • take advantage of • exploit • manipulate • can wrap/wind somebody around your little finger
integrate v. 成整体，结合
If two or more things integrate, or if you integrate them, they combine or work together in a way that makes something more effective
demonstrate v. 示范, 证明
prove • show • demonstrate • confirm • support • back up • bear out • substantiate • validate • corroborate
penetrate v. 穿透, 渗透, 刺入
enter • penetrate • seep in • permeate
repatriate v. 遣返
expel • deport • extradite • repatriate • exile/send into exile • banish
Passage 2
**段
analyze v. 分析, 分解
examine • look carefully/closely • take/have a look at • analyze • study • check • check over • inspect • go through/go over • look over • scrutinize
第二段
insist v.坚持, 强调
To keep doing something, especially something that is inconvenient or annoying:
第三段
disagree v. 不一致, 不赞同
disagree • not agree • not see eye to eye • take issue with • differ • agree to disagree • dissent
consult v.商量, 咨询
ask somebody"s advice • seek advice • get/obtain advice • consult
第四段
shelter v. 掩蔽,，躲避
shelter • give somebody shelter/refuge • asylum
第五段
solidify v. 凝固，巩固
harden • solidify • set • freeze • stiffen
exert v. 尽(力), 施加(压力等)
To work very hard and use a lot of physical or mental energy:overcome v. 战胜, 克服
hold back • stifle • suppress • overcome/conquer
第六段
create v. 创造, 产生
invent • create • come up with/think up • devise • make up • conceive • dream up • coin
contain v. 包含, 容纳, 容忍
include • contain • among • range from something to
第八段
expand v.膨胀，扩张，发展
get bigger • grow • expand • swell up • stretch
elapse v.(时间)过去, 消逝
pass/go by • elapse • the passage/passing of time
第十段
scan v. 扫描，浏览,
skim • scan • have a look at
complete v.完成
finish • have done something • complete • get something finished • be through • conclude
Passage 3
**段
assist v. 援助, 帮助
help • give/lend a hand • assist • do something for • do somebody a favour • help out • do somebody a good turn • do your bit • come to somebody"s aid/assistance • give help/assistance/support
第二段
occur v. 发生, 出现
happen • take place • there is • be • occur • come about • crop up • come up • be coming up • turn up • arise • strike
fluctuate v. 变动, 波动
keep changing • vary • fluctuate • be in flux/be in a state of flux
exceed v.超越, 胜过
be more than • exceed • outnumber • be up • pass
impact v. 碰撞, 冲击，影响
have an effect • have an impact • affect • take effect • make a difference • impact
increase v. 增加, 增大
increase • step up • expand • broaden • extend • intensify
differ v.不一致, 不同
different • not like • not the same • vary • differ • contrast with • be a departure from • diverse
第三段
evolve v. 发展，进展，进化
develop • evolve
reserve v. 储备, 保存
reserve/book • reservation • booking
assure v. 断然地说, 确告, 保证
promise • assure • give somebody your word • swear • vow • guarantee • commit to • pledge
第四段
maximize v. **值, **化
increase • raise • put up • jack up • push up/drive up/force up • boost • double/triple/quadruple • maximize
ripen v. 成熟
To become ripe or to make something ripe
第五段
delay v.耽搁, 延迟
delay • hold up • set back • get bogged down
remain v. 保持, 逗留, 剩余
left • be left over • remain • survive • be still standing/be left standing • to spare • to go
escape v. 逃脱, 避开
escape • get out • run away/run off • bolt • run for it/make a run for it • flee • make your
escape • take to your heels • break free/break away • bail out
第六段
convert v. 转变, 转换
adapt • modify • convert • customize
第七段
divide v.划分, 分开, 隔开
separate • divide • split • break up • break down • take apart • dismantle • take something to pieces
prevent v.防止, 预防
prevent • stop • keep somebody from doing something • restrain • hold back • get in the way of • discourage • avoid • avert • head off • guard against
survive v.幸免, 幸存
survive • survivor • come through • get through
2009-2011 雅思阅读常见替换词总结
abide by | be faithful to, obey | 忠于, 遵守 |
absence of mind | being absent-minded | 心不在焉 |
absorb | take up the attention of | 吸引 … 的注意力 |
abundant in | be rich in, be well supplied with | 富于, 富有 |
by accident | by chance | 偶然地, 意外 |
of one’s own accord | without being asked, freely | 自愿地, 主动地 |
in accordance with | in agreement with | 依照,根据 |
take…into account | consider | 把 … 考虑进去 |
account for | give an explanation or reason for | 解释, 说明 |
on account of | because of | 由于, 因为 |
adapt oneself to | adjust oneself to | 使自己适应于 |
adjacent | next to | 毗邻的 |
admit of | leave room for | 留有余地 |
in advance | before in time | 预告, 事先 |
above all | especially | 尤其是, *重要的 |
agree on | define | 认同 |
in all | altogether | 总共, 总计 |
allow for | take into consideration, take into account | 考虑到, 估计到 |
amount to | to be equal to | 总计, 等于 |
ambiguity | obscure | 暧昧的 |
answer for | undertake responsibility for, be liable for | 对 … 负责 |
apparently | patently | 显而易见的 |
approve of | consent to, be in favor of | 赞成 |
arise from | be caused by | 由 … 引起 |
attach | to fix, fasten | 缚, 系 |
attend to | give one’s attention, care and thought | 注意, 照顾 |
aware of | be conscious of, having knowledge or consciousness | 意识到, 知道 |
a vast array of | a great variety of | 系列 |
at one’s back | supporting or favoring | 支持, 维护 |
turn one’s back on | in an impolite way | 背弃, 抛弃 |
on behalf of | as the representative of | 以 … 名义 |
be accustomed to | be in the habit of, be used to | 习惯于 |
be acquainted with | to have knowledge of, to have met socially | 了解,熟悉 |
be ashamed of | guilt or sorrow because of | 以 … 为羞耻 |
be obtained in | be derived in | 获得 |
believe in | have faith or trust in | 依赖, 信仰 |
caliber | criterion | 标准 |
catastrophe | disaster | 灾难 |
categorize | classify | 分类 |
complex | complicated, sophisticated | 复杂的 |
contributor to | be central to | 中心原因 |
constrain | restrict | 限制 |
chronic | long-term | 长期的 |
deplete | exhaust | 耗尽 |
defect | flaw | 缺点，不足之处 |
decode | decipher | 译解 |
delay | drawback | 耽误 |
demolish | dismantle | 毁坏 |
divine | heavenly | 神圣的 |
eliminate | lessen | 减少 |
emphasize | stress | 强调 |
exorbitant | expensive | 过度的 |
fascination | attraction | 迷住，吸引住 |
fatal | lethal | 致命的 |
get the better of | defeat | 打败, 胜过 |
handicap | primitive | 残疾的，落后的 |
inadequate | insufficient | 缺乏的，不足的 |
in any case | for love or money, whatever happens | 无论如何 |
in brief | in as few words as possible | 简言之 |
indicate | predict | 表明 |
inadequate | deficiency | 不充分，不适当的 |
intensive burst | explosive release | 强烈的爆发 |
introduce | involve | 引入 |
in case | for fear that | 万一 |
innovate | invent | 革新，创新 |
inspect | examine | 审核,检查 |
lead to | be associated with | 相联系 |
look like | resemble | 类似于 |
masquerade | disguise | 伪装 |
modify | change | 改变，修改 |
molten rock | lava， magma | 岩浆 |
negotiation | agreement | 谈判，洽谈 |
notorious | flagrant | 臭的 |
no-one know | notorious（反义） | 无人知晓 |
not require | unnecessary | 不需要，不必要 |
pessimism | negative | 悲观的，忧郁的 |
prosperous | thriving | 兴旺，繁荣 |
poisonous | toxic | 有毒的 |
poverty | poor | 贫穷 |
rigid | stiff | 僵硬的 |
rudimentary | underdeveloped | 初级的 |
separate | split | 分开 |
seize | catch | 捕捉 |
skeptical | dubious | 对…怀疑 |
sympathetic | understand | 同情，赞同 |
virtual | simulate | 模拟 |
综合版本1：
Advantage: benefit, positive aspect, strength, 好处
Disadvantage: weakness, drawback, negative aspect, fault不利
Casual: arbitrary, unplanned, unexpected, 随意的
Effective: efficient, effectual, fruitful, productive, valid多效的
Criticize: reproach, blame, 批评
Flaw: weakness, defect 缺点
Ability; capability, power, caliber能力
Dishonest: deceptive 不诚实的
Fair: equitable, equal, impartial, 公平的
Success: achievement, feat 成功
Reason: factor, contributor, origin, 原因
Result: outcome, consequence, implication结果
Result from: arise from, originate from, be due to, thanks to, 由于，因为
Give rise to: contribute to, lead to, result in, cause, breed, create, incur导致
Disaster: catastrophe 灾难
Pollute: contaminate 污染
Poisonous: toxic 有毒的
Decrease; fall, drop, plunge, decline, step back, downward, minimize, abate下降
Increase: rise, go up, surge, grow, 上升
Growing: increasing, rising, 上升的
综合版本2：
☆artificial
synthetic, fabricated, contrived, fake, mock, bogus, counterfeit, pseudo
☆conventional
traditional, historical, past; accepted, common, regular, routine, mainstream, ordinary
☆demand
request, claim, need, order, require, call for
☆decline
decrease, degeneration, drop, fall, recession, depression, reduction, slump, worsening
☆develop
evolve, advance, grow, improve, progress, flourish
☆difficulty
handicap, hardship, adversity, challenge, complication, dilemma, perplexity, plight, trouble
☆early
first, old, ancient, primitive, previous, former, remote
☆find
discover, come across, encounter, hit on, expose, notice, note, observe, recognize, spot, uncover
☆future
what's next, prospect, approaching, expected, destined, forthcoming
☆how
describe, operate, explain, clarify, demonstrate, eludicate, expound, illustrate, interpret, account for
☆inevitable
unavoidable, certain, destined, fated, inescapable, sure
☆militant
armed, belligerent, army, weapon, warlike
☆objection
commercial challenge, complaint, disapproval, opposition, protest, query, question, remonstration
☆obstacle
bar, barricade, barrier, block, blockage, check, obstruction, problem, snag, hurdle
☆prevalent
common, usual, prevailing, widespread, systematic, collective, general, popular
☆reduce
curtail, cut, decrease, halve, impair, lessen, moderate, trim, slash
☆role
function (provide, support, weaken, smooth, solve), job, position, duty, post, task, contribution
☆recent
modern, current, now, nowadays, today, contemporaneous, new, novel, present, up-to-date
☆simulate
virtual, create, reproduce, pretend, imitate
☆significance
importance, milestone, impact, justification, gist, implication, point, purport, vital business, economic, financial, mercantile, profitable, pecuniary
☆worldwide
international, cosmopolitan, global, universal, ubiquitous, widespread, around the world
解决：solve, resolve, deal with, cope with, handle, tackle
消除：get rid of, eradicate, eliminate
依赖：rely on, depend on, count on
十分：very much, immensely, hugely, largely, greatly, enormously, tremendously
损害：damage, hurt, injure, harm, impair
给予：give, offer, render, impart, provide
发展：develop, cultivate, foster
优势：advantage, merit, virtue, benefit, upside, strength
缺陷：disadvantage, detect, demerit, drawback, downside, weakness
综合版本3：
1. important 重要的=crucial (extremely
GetWord("extremely");
important),significant(amount or effect large enough to be important)
2.common 普通的=universal, ubiquitous
GetWord("ubiquitous");
(if something is ubiquitous, it seems to be everywhere)3.abundant=ample(enough and usually extra), plentiful(enough for people's needs and wants)
4.stick 粘=adhere, cling(hold on something tightly)
5.neglect 忽略=ignore.(difference: neglect means someone has not paid enough attention to something; ignore means no attention.)
6.near 临近的=adjacent(twothings next to each other), adjoin
GetWord("adjoin");
(the same as adjacent)
7.pursue 寻求=woo(man woos woman, old-fashioned), seek(if you seek sth, you try to obtain it. FORMAL)
8.accurate 准确的=precise(precise is exact and accurate in all details), exact(correct in every detail)
9.vague 模糊的=obscure
GetWord("obscure");
(unknown or known by only a few people)
10.top 顶=peak, summit
11.competitor 竞争对手=rival, opponent(especially in sports and politics)
12.blame 指责=condemn(if you condemn something, you say it is very bad and unacceptable)
13.opinon 意见=perspective, standpoint(means looking at an event or situation in a particular way)
14.fame 名声=prestige(describe those who are admired), reputation
15.build 直立/竖立=erect
GetWord("erect");
(you can erect something as buildings, FORMAL), establish
16.insult 侮辱=humiliate(do something or say something which makes people feel ashamed or stupid)
17.complain 抱怨=grumble (complain something in a bad-tempered way)
18.primary 根本的=radical (very important and great in degree), fundamental
19.relieve 缓解=alleviate
GetWord("alleviate");
(alleviate means you make pain or sufferings less intense or severe)
20.force 强迫=coerces into(coerce means you make someone do something s/he does not want to),compel
